Eco-efficiency and effectiveness evaluation toward sustainable urban development in China: a super-efficiency SBM–DEA with undesirable outputs

Abstract Eco-efficiency, especially the total-factor eco-efficiency, measured by DEA models considering undesirable outputs, has been a popular instrument to evaluate sustainable development in recent years. However, pursues not only high eco-efficiency which ensures that utilization of natural resource and environment is way, but also good effectiveness right direction. In this paper, firstly, efficiency urban measured, i.e., measuring 35 major cities China during period 2011–2015 based on super-efficiency SBM–DEA model with outputs Malmquist–Luenberger index used explore dynamic change eco-efficiency. Secondly, overall well-being including HDI life satisfaction. Thirdly, comprehensive analysis conducted development. The results indicate that: (1) as whole at low level 12th five-year plan period, improvement ecological productivity mainly enhanced technological progress. (2) With regarding development, Hangzhou, Jinan, Ningbo, Xiamen Qingdao rank top five, while like Guangzhou, Changsha Beijing middle due relatively (3) Based effectiveness, most perform low-level or poor four Qingdao, Changchun, Ningbo Tianjin effectiveness. Finally, some implications policy suggestions are proposed above findings.